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From Gutenberg to the Internet Timeline An Annotated Chronology of the History of Information from about 30,000 B.C.E. to the present, by Jeremy M. Norman. |
| 1920194019501960 |
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| 1860 | In this year 100,000 tons of paper are produced in the United Kingdom, almost a tenfold increase since 1800. Only 4% is made by hand. Because of reduction in labor costs the average cost of paper falls 60% in the period from 1800-1860 (Twyman). |
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The Parisian typesetter and tinkerer, Edouard-Leon Scott de Martinville produces the earliest known recording of the human voice and the earliest known recording of music on his phonautograph, a machine designed to record sounds visually but not to play them back. |
1861 |
Telegraph lines connect New York and San Francisco. |
1864 |
Farr uses the third Scheutz difference engine in the calculation of his English Life Table--the first instance of a printing calculator used extensively to do original work. Because the machine is very troublesome, the tables are completed by human computers. (See Reading 4.2) |
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Babbage publishes his autobiography, Passages from the Life of a Philosopher, in which he presents his most detailed descriptions of his Difference and Analytical Engines. (See Reading 6.2.) |
1865 |
James Clerk Maxwell publishes "A Dynamical Theory of the Electro-Magnetic Field" in the Transactions of the Royal Society. It provides a theoretical framework, based on experiment and a few general dynamical principles, for the propagation of electromagnetic waves through space. |
July |
Using the Great Eastern steamship, the attempt to lay the second Atlantic Cable takes place. The cable snaps after twelve hundred miles. |
| 1866 | Osman Zeki Bey, an Ottoman calligrapher, opens his printing office called Matbaa-i Osmaniye in Constantinople. He is the first printer authorized by the Ottoman Palace to print the Koran. Kuran-Burcoglu, Osman Zeki Bey and his Printing Office the Matbaa-i-Osmaniye, Sadgrove (ed) History of Printing and Publishing the Languages and Countries of the Middle East (2005) 35-58. |
1866 |
The Great Eastern lays the third and successful Atlantic Cable, connecting the cable at Heart’s Content, a fishing village in Newfoundland. Communication by electric telegraph between Europe and America is finally established. The first message sent over the cable is “A treaty of peace has been signed between Austria and Prussia." |
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Benjamin Tilghman of the United States develops the sulfite pulping process for the manufacture of paper. The first mill using this process will be built in Sweden in 1874. |
1867 |
Edward A. Calahan of the American Telegraph Company invents the first stock telegraph printing instrument. The distinct sound of this telegraph printing instrument eventually earns it the name of “stock ticker.” |
1868 |
The Times of London installs a Walter press that prints on continuous paper, further increasing the speed of production. |
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James Clerk Maxwell publishes “On Governors,” a classic paper on feedback mechanisms. |
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| 1920194019501960 |
(This page was last revised on
March 29, 2008
. Please report errors
and broken links to jnorman@jnorman.com.) |
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