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From Gutenberg to the Internet Timeline An Annotated Chronology of the History of Information from about 30,000 B.C.E. to the present, by Jeremy M. Norman. |
| 1920194019501960 |
|
1910 |
8468 new books are published in the United Kingdom this year. |
1911 |
Herman Hollerith sells the Tabulating Machine Company to Charles R. Flint . |
|
Flint, a noted trust organizer, merges the Tabulating Machine Company with the Computing Scale Company, the International Time Recording Company, and the Bundy Manufacturing Company to form the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (C-T-R), producing and selling Hollerith tabulating equipment, time clocks, and other business machinery. |
|
James Powers begins manufacturing a punched-card system that competes with Hollerith’s, operating mechanically rather than electrically. His machines are eventually made and sold by Remington Rand. |
|
Leonardo Torres y Quevedo builds the first decision-making automaton--a chess-playing machine that pits the machine’s rook and king against the king of a human opponent. It is fully automatic with electrical sensing of the pieces on the board and a mechanical arm to move its own pieces. |
1912 |
Brunsviga boasts that they have sold twenty thousand calculators based on the variable-toothed gear technology. |
1914 |
Torres y Quevedo publishes Ensayos sobre Automática, which shows that he “would have been capable of building a general-purpose electromechanical computer had the practical need, motivation and financing been available.” (Lee) |
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Thomas J. Watson becomes president of C-T-R, and focuses the company on electric card-tabulating equipment for businesses. |
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Edward Kleinschmidt invents the teletype, which replaces Morse code clickers in delivering news to newspapers. The teletype is first used by United Press. |
| To combat false and misleading claims for circulation, advertisers, advertising agencies, and newspapers found the Audit Bureau of Circulations. It is the world's first circulation auditing organization. | |
July 24-27 |
The Napier Tercentenary Celebration is held in Edinburgh, though the mathematical meeting scheduled to follow it is canceled because war is considered imminent. The conference results in two scholarly publications on logarithms, mathematical tables, and mechanical calculators. These summarize both historical and current information for the period up to World War I. (See Readings 3.2 and 6.3.) |
August 1-3 |
Germany declares war on Russia (August 1) and on France (August 3). World War I begins. |
1915 |
The A T & T long-distance telegraph network begun in 1885 finally reaches from New York to San Francisco, allowing Alexander Graham Bell in New York and Thomas J. Watson in San Francisco to participate in the first transcontinental telephone call. |
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Leopold Löwenheim publishes Über Möglichkeiten im Relativkalkül, containing the first appearance of what is now known as the Löwenheim-Skolem theorem, the first theorem of modern logic, anticipating Gödel’s completeness theorem of 1930. |
1917 |
Lenin and the Bolsheviks seize power in Russia. |
|
Johann Radon demonstrates that the image of a three-dimensional object can be constructed from an infinite number of two-dimensional images of the object. About sixty-five years later this will be demonstrated with the invention of computed tomography. |
1918 |
The American Engineering Standards Committee (AESC) is formed by the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (now IEEE), the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers (AIMME) and the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM). Its purpose is to establishing a national body to coordinate standards development and to serve as a clearinghouse for the work of standards developing agencies. The U.S. Departments of War, Navy and Commerce are invited to join this organization. AESC will become the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in 1969. |
November 11 |
Germany signs the Armistice, ending World War I. |
1919 |
Early versions of the Enigma cipher machine are built in Europe. |
|
Eight hundred thousand Burroughs calculating machines have been sold worldwide. |
| The number of titles of fifteenth century books (incunabula) in North America: 6,292. Number of copies: 13,200. (Goff, Incunabula in American Libraries, 3rd census [1964] xv.). |
|
| 1920194019501960 |
(This page was last revised on
November 6, 2007
. Please report errors
and broken links to jnorman@jnorman.com.) |
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