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From Gutenberg to the Internet Timeline An Annotated Chronology of the History of Information from about 30,000 B.C.E. to the present, by Jeremy M. Norman. |
| 1920194019501960 |
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| 2000 | Lawrence Lessig publishes Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace, in which he argues " that cyberspace changes not only the technology of copying but also the power of law to protect against illegal copying (125-127). He explores the notion that computer code may regulate conduct in much the same way that legal codes do. He goes so far as to argue that code displaces the balance in copyright law and doctrines such as fair use (135). If it becomes possible to license every aspect of use (by means of trusted systems created by code), then no aspect of use would have the protection of fair use(136). The importance of this side of the story is generally underestimated and, as the examples will show, very often, code is even (only) considered as an extra tool to fight against 'unlimited copying'." |
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A massive denial of service attack is launched against major websites, including Yahoo!, Amazon and ebay. |
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There are 3,200,000 new printed book titles listed for sale in the United States. The number of book titles in print in the world may be about 8,000,000. The world market for printed books (pBooks) is estimated at $25 billion. At this time the world market for eBooks is estimated at $100 million. |
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There are 72,398,092 Internet hosts and 9,950,491 websites. Web size estimates by NEC-RI and Inktomi surpass 1 billion pages that can be indexed. |
How much information? A project at the University of California at Berkeley attempts to measure the amount of information produced in the world each year. " Heavy information overload: the world's total yearly production of print, film, optical, and magnetic content would require roughly 1.5 billion gigabytes of storage. This is the equivalent of 250 megabytes per person for each man, woman, and child on earth." "Printed documents of all kinds comprise only .003% of the total. Magnetic storage is by far the largest medium for storing information and is the most rapidly growing, with shipped hard drive capacity doubling every year. Magnetic storage is rapidly becoming the universal medium for information storage." "Approximately 240 terabytes (compressed) of unique data are recorded on printed media worldwide each year." The website provides a chart breaking down the printed media into categories. |
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The dot-com bubble begins to burst. |
| The National Digital Library Program sponsored by the Library of Congress has digitized and made available online over 5,000,000 items. | |
The Library of Congress initiates a prototype system called Minerva (Mapping the Internet the Electronic Resources Virtual Archive) to collect and preserve open-access Web resources. |
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| The Grabhorn Institute is founded in San Francisco "for the purpose of preserving and continuing the use of one of the last integrated typefoundry, letterpress printing, and bookbinding facilities, and operating it as a living museum and educational and cultural center." | |
| February | Over 10,000,000 domain names have been registered. |
June |
Celera Genomics announces its first draft of the human genome. |
June 29 |
The ASCI White supercomputer at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California is operational. An IBM system, it covers a space the size of two basketball courts and weighs 106 tons. It contains six trillion bytes (TB) of memory, almost 50,000 times greater than the average personal computer, and has more than 160 TB of Serial Disk System storage capacity--enough to hold six times the information stored in the 29 million books in the Library of Congress. |
| August | IBM forms a Life Sciences Solutions division, incorporating its Computational Biology Center. |
| Setpember 2000 | There are 20,000,000 websites on the Internet; the number has doubled since February of this year. |
| December 21 | The U.S. Congress appropriates $99,800,000 for the planning and implementation of the National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program (NDIIPP). It is a collaborative initiative of the Library of Congress. |
| December 28 | The 19th Session of the National People's Congress of China adopts the Decision of the Standing Committee of NPC Regarding the Safeguarding of Internet Security. |
| 2001 | The Internet Archive, founded in 1996, makes its data available through the Wayback Machine. |
| Lawrence Lessig publishes The Future of Ideas: The fate of commons in a connected world, in which he argues that while " copyright helps artists get rewarded for their work, . . .a copyright regime that is too strict and grants copyright for too long a period of time (i.e. the current US legal climate) can destroy innovation, as the future movements by corporate interests to promote longer and tighter protection ofintellectual property in three layers: the code layer, the content layer, and the physical layer. . . .In the end, he stresses the importance of existing works entering the public domain in a reasonably short period of time, as the founding fathers intended." | |
| January | The Digital Preservation Coalition is established in the United Kingdom "to foster join action to address the urgent challenges of securing the preservation of digital resources in the UK and to work with others internationally to secure our global digital memory and knowledge base." |
January 15 |
Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, begins as an English language project. |
February |
“In a remarkable special issue, Nature includes a 60-page article by the Human Genome Project partners, studies
of mapping and variation, as well as analysis of the sequence by experts
in different areas of biology. Science publishes the article by Celera
oe use of
the sequence.” Nature, “The human genome.” Science, “The sequence
of the human genome.”
“Celera Genomics announced the first complete assembly of the human genome. Using whole genome shotgun sequencing, Celera began sequencing in September 1999 and finished in December. Assembly of the 3.12 billion base pairs of DNA, over the next six months, required some 500 million trillion sequence comparisons, and represented the most extensive computation ever undertaken in biology. “The Human Genome Project reported it had finished a “working draft” of the genome, stating that the project had fully sequenced 85 percent of the genome. Five major institutions in the United States and Great Britain performed the bulk of sequencing, together with contributions from institutes in China, France, and Germany.” |
| March 5 | The Ninth Circuit Court issues an injunction ordering Napster to prevent the trading of copyrighted music on its network.. |
| May 3 | At the meeting of the San Francisco chapter of the Women's National Book Association, David Spiselman predicts that ebooks will be a 3.1 billion dollar business by 2004. He also predicts that by 2004 "screen quality will be superior to paper." |
2002 |
Babbage’s Difference Engine No. 2, designed between 1847 and 1849, but never previously built, is completed and fully operational at the Science Museum, London. Built from Babbage’s engineering drawings roughly 150 years after it was originally designed, the finished machine weighs 5 tons and consists of 8000 machined parts, equally divided between the calculating and automatic printing and stereotyping apparatus. It is operated by turning hand-cranks. |
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At this time there are 147,344,723 Internet hosts and 36,689,008 websites (Cisco). The estimated number of Internet users worldwide is about 600,000,000. |
Diana Hook and Jeremy Norman issue as a limited edition an annotated, descriptive bibliographical catalogue, Origins of Cyberspace: A Library on the History of Computing, Networking, and Telecommunications. It is the first descriptive bibliographical catalogue on these subjects. |
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| January | The Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) issues Reference Model for an Open Archival Information System (OAIS). "An OAIS is an archive, consisting of an organization of people and systems, that has accepted the responsibility to preserve information and make it available for a Designated Community. It meets a set of such responsibilities as defined in this document and this allows an OAIS archive to be distinguished from other uses of the term ‘archive’. The model provides a framework for the understanding and increased awareness of archival concepts needed for long-term digital information preservation and access, and for describing and comparing architectures and operations of existing and future archives. It also guides the identification and production of OAIS related standards." ISO Number : 14721 |
| May | RLG and OCLC issue the report, Trusted Digital Repositories: Attributes and Responsibilities. |
| In spite of the immense loss of information over the centuries, there are about 45,000 Egyptian papyri, including fragments, in six institutional libraries and museums in the United States. (Athena Review, 2, no. 2). The main U.S. holders of papyri are Duke University, University of California at Berkeley, University of Michigan, Columbia, Yale, and Princeton. It has been estimated that there are about 500,000 unpublished papyri preserved elsewhere. Other major institutional collections with websites are the University of Heidelberg, Oxford, University of Lecce, and the University of Copenhagen. |
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| 1920194019501960 |
(This page was last revised on
September 28, 2007
. Please report errors
and broken links to jnorman@jnorman.com.) |
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